Handbook of human factors and ergonomics pdf

Safety: closely related to IE but with a major emphasis on analysis and prevention of accidents. Behaviorally Oriented Specialties 1. Aging: the effect of this process on technological performance. Human functions: emphasizes perceptual-motor and cognitive functions. The latter differs from training in the sense that training also involves cognition but is the process of implementing cognitive capabilities. Visual performance: how people see; differs from displays in that the latter relate to equipment for seeing, whereas the former deals with the human capability and function of seeing.

Source: Adapted from Meister In addition, Table 10 presents a cussed the following paradigms for HFE disci- list of contemporary HFE research methods that can be pline: 1 ergonomics theory, 2 ergonomics abstrac- used to advance knowledge, discovery, and utilization tion, and 3 ergonomics design.

Ergonomics theory through its practical applications. Ergonomics design is concerned with the ability to implement knowledge about those interactions and use them to develop systems that sat- The paradigms for any scientific discipline include isfy customer needs and relevant human compatibility theory, abstraction, and design Pearson and Young, requirements.

Theory is a foundation of the mathematical sci- ences. Abstraction modeling is a foundation of the Furthermore, the pillars for any scientific disci- natural sciences, where progress is achieved by formu- pline include a definition, a teaching paradigm, and lating hypotheses and following the modeling process an educational base NRC, A definition of systematically to verify and validate them.

Design as ergonomics discipline and profession adopted by IEA the basis for engineering, where progress is achieved emphasizes fundamental questions and sig- primarily by posing problems and systematically fol- nificant accomplishments, recognizing that the HFE lowing the design process to construct systems that field is constantly changing.

A teaching paradigm for solve them. Finally, an introductory One of the critical issues in this context is the course sequence in ergonomics should be based on ability of users to understand the utility and limita- the curriculum model and the disciplinary descrip- tions of technological artifacts. Ergonomics literacy tion. Design of of ergonomics application. Ergonomics literacy is a interactions with technological artifacts and work sys- prerequisite to ergonomics competency.

Ergonomics knowledge and skills. A person Table 11 Standards for Ergonomics Literacy: has a basic knowledge of the philosophy of human- Ergonomics and Technology centered design and principles for accommodating An understanding of: human limitations. Standard 1: characteristics and scope of 2. Ways of thinking and acting. A person seeks ergonomics information about benefits and risks of artifacts Standard 2: core concepts of ergonomics and systems consumer products, services, etc.

Practical ergonomics capabilities. A person can environment, industry, and society Standard 4: cultural, social, economic, and identify and solve simple task job -related design political effects of ergonomics problems at work or home and can apply basic Standard 5: role of society in the development concepts of ergonomics to make informed judgments and use of technology about usability of artifacts and the related risks and Standard 6: effects of technology on the benefits of their use.

Eight process of these standards are related to developing an Standard assess the impact of products and understanding of the nature, scope, attributes, and systems on human health, the role of HFE discipline in modern society; two well-being, system performance, standards refer to the need for developing the abilities and safety to apply the ergonomics design process and evaluate the impact of artifacts on human safety and well-being.

Source: Karwowski However, is that typically there are multiple functional sys- as discussed by Karwowski , ergonomists do tem—human compatibility requirements that must be not design systems; rather, HFE professionals design satisfied at the same time.

To address this issue, struc- the interactions between artifact systems and humans. Karwowski conceptu- design. According to the second design axiom, the infor- mation content of the design should be minimized.

The 7. The information content will be additive when there The axioms above can be adapted for ergonomics are many functional requirements that must be satisfied design purposes as follows.

Among those designs that variable will be zero. In both of the cases described satisfy the independence axiom, the design that has the above, the human—system incompatibility content can smallest incompatibility content is the best design.

As discussed by Karwowski , , in ergonomics design, axiom 2 can be interpreted as 1. Ergonomics design criterion: minimize exposure follows. In view of this, the sec- the incompatibility content Ii is zero. Ergonomics design criterion: maximize adapt- purpose of ergonomics theory as follows.

The As discussed by Karwowski , the proposed first design scenario [i. The information content exceeds some maximum exposure value of Ri : for of the design in expressed in terms of the ergonomics example, when the compressive force on the human incompatibility of design parameters with the optimal, spine lumbosacral joint due to manual lifting of loads ideal, or desired reference values, expressed in terms of exceeds the accepted maximum reference value. Therefore, ergonomics design can be defined as mapping from human—system compatibility Additional requirements to human—system interactions.

More Center Light generally, HFE can be defined as the science of design, testing, evaluation, and management of human system interactions according to the human—system compatibility requirements. Recently, Karwowski introduced the concept of Traditional system incompatibility measurements and the measure Side Lights of incompatibility for ergonomics design and evalu- Figure 11 Redesigned rear light system of an automo- ation.

Furthermore, Karwowski has also illus- bile. The new design is based artifacts systems and people. An artifact system is on addition of the third brake light, positioned in the defined as a set of all artifacts meaning objects made center and at a height that allows this light to be seen by human work as well as natural elements of the through the windshields of the car preceding the car environment and their interactions occurring in time immediately in front.

This new design solution has two and space afforded by nature. This is uncoupled design. Symvatology aims to observe, identify, describe, perform empirical investigations, MLRT X 0 NRLS and produce theoretical explanations of the natural phenomena of artifact—human compatibility. As such, ASB 0 X EBM symvatology should help to advance the progress of ergonomics discipline by providing methodology for design for compatibility, as well as design of com- It should be noted that the original traditional rear lighting system TRLS can be classified as decoupled patibility between the artificial systems technology design.

This old design DP1,O does not compensate and humans. As pointed out by Hancock , it is violates the second functional requirement FR2 for not enough to assure the well-being of humans; one a safe braking requirement.

The design matrix for must also optimize the well-being of systems i. This uncoupled design DP1,N Due to the nature of the interactions, an artifact fulfills the requirement of maximizing lead response system is often a dynamic system with a high level time MLRT whenever braking is needed and does of complexity, that exhibits nonlinear behavior. The not violate the FR2 safe braking requirement.

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines complex as consisting of intercon- nected or interwoven parts. Karwowski et al. The are often nonlinear tions occurring between the various elements of these and can be unstable chaotic phenomena, modeling subsystems over time. In the framework above, com- of which requires a specialized approach. Karwowski patibility is a dynamic, natural phenomenon that is indicated a need for symvatology as a corrobo- affected by the artifact—human system structure, its rative science to ergonomics that can help in develop- inherent complexity, and its entropy or the level of ing solid foundations for the ergonomics science.

Since proposed subdiscipline is symvatology, the science of the structure of system interactions determines the the artifact—human system compatibility. Karwowski coined [ complexity, compatibility ], is defined by four pairs: the term symvatology by joining two Greek words: high, high , high, low , low, high , low, low. Symvatology is the systematic study which of system design , the artifact—human system exhibits includes theory, analysis, design, implementation, and high compatibility and low complexity levels.

For example, Also, it is often the case in most of artifact—human according to Norman , the paradox of technol- systems that improved higher system compatibility ogy is that adding functionality to an artifact typi- can be achieved only at the expense of increasing cally comes with the trade-off of increased complex- system complexity. These added complexities often lead to increased As discussed by Karwowski and Jamaldin human difficulty and frustration when interacting with lack of compatibility, or ergonomics incompatibility these artifacts.

One reason for the above is that technol- EI , defined as degradation disintegration of an arti- ogy, which has more features, also has less feedback. This means levels, also increases, leading to greater ergonomic that only added complexity of the regulator, expressed nonreducible entropy of the system and decreasing by system compatibility requirements, can be used to reduce ergonomics system entropy i.

In addition, Karwowski and Jamaldin Advanced technologies with which humans inter- discussed the complexity—compatibility paradigm in act toady constitute complex systems that require the context of organizational design. It should be noted a high level of integration from both the design that the principle reflects the natural phenomena that and management perspectives. Management and cognitive task demands, as well as quality of integration refers to interactions among various system the work environment i.

Human resource management of Frederick W. Taylor , who studied, among includes the provision of safe work conditions and other problems, how jobs were designed and how environment at each workstation, workplace, and in workers could be trained to perform these jobs. The the entire organization. Man- human resource planning job analysis and job specifi- agement is defined today as a set of activities, includ- cation , work stress management, and safety and health ing 1 planning and decision making, 2 organizing, management, are essential components of an HFE sub- 3 leading, and 4 controlling, directed at an orga- discipline often called industrial ergonomics.

The main elements of the management def- of central interest to management. From this point of inition presented above and central to ergonomics view, industrial ergonomics, in congruence with man- are 1 organizing, 2 human resource planning, and agement, is focusing on organization and management 3 effective and efficient achievement of organiza- at the workplace level work system level through the tional goals.

In the description of these elements, the design and assessment testing and evaluation of job original terms proposed by Griffin are applied tasks, tools, machines, and work environments in order to ensure precision of the concepts and terminology to adapt these to the capabilities and needs of workers. Organizing is deciding which method of organi- Another important subdiscipline of HFE with zational element grouping is best.

Job design is the respect to the central focus of management disci- basic building block of organization structure.

Job pline is macroergonomics. According to Hendrick and design focuses on identification and determination of Kleiner , macroergonomics is concerned with the tasks and activities for which the particular worker the analysis, design, and evaluation of work systems.

Work denotes any form of human effort or activ- It should be noted that the basic ideas of manage- ity. System refers to sociotechnical systems, which ment i. A work system consists of people Specifically, common to management and ergonomics interacting with some form of 1 job design work are the issues of job design and job analysis.

Job analysis Human—system interface technology can be classi- consists of job description and job specification. Job fied into five subparts, each with a related design description should include description of task demands focus Hendrick, ; Hendrick and Kleiner, : and work environment conditions, such as work tools, materials, and machines needed to perform specific 1.

Human—machine interface technology: hard- tasks. Job specification determines abilities, skills, and ware ergonomics other worker characteristics necessary for effective and efficient task performance in particular jobs. Human—environment interface technology: en- The discipline of management also considers vironmental ergonomics important human factors that play a role in achiev- 3.

Human—software interface technology: cogni- ing organizational goals in an effective and efficient tive ergonomics way.

Such factors include work stress in the context 4. Human—job interface technology: work design of individual worker behavior and human resource ergonomics management in the context of safety and heath man- 5. Human—organization interface technology: agement. As a profession, the field of ergonomics human—system interface HSI technology, which has seen the development of formal organizational includes interface design principles, methods, and structures i.

Finally, the HFE profession applies HSI societies and networks in support of HFE profes- technology to the design, analysis, test and evaluation, sionals internationally. As of , the International standardization, and control of systems. Ergonomics Association www. Such actions include the following opment of programs and guidelines to facilitate the elements: discipline and profession of ergonomics worldwide.

A list of the core HFE journals is shown programs in their region in Table For example, energy, automated transport systems, revolution the subfield of neuroergonomics focuses on the neu- in supersonic small aircraft and supersonic ral control and brain manifestations of the percep- travel, underwater ocean travel tual, physical, cognitive, emotional, etc. The potential benefits of this emerging branch of HFE are improvements in medical therapies and The issues listed above will also affect future applications of more sophisticated workplace design directions in development of the science, engineer- principles.

The near future will also see development ing, design, technology, and management of human- of an entirely new HFE domain that could be called compatible systems. Yang, Chancellor, University Methuen, London. Awad, E. Jordan, B. Thomas, B. Weerdmeester, and Developments in technology and the socioeco- I.

McClelland, Eds. Chapanis, A. Karwowski, Ed. Seppala, T. Luopajarvi, C. Nygard, and M. Griffin, R. Jastrzebowski, W. Industry, Vol. Helander, M. Brown, R. Coombes and M. Sinclair, Eds. Salvendy, Ed. Karwowski, W.

Hendrick, Eds. Ergonomics, G. Hendrick, H. Grieco, G. Molteni, E. Occhipinti, and B. Piccoli, Howard, A. Iacocca Institute, Bethlehem, PA. Ergonomia, Vol. Kroemer, K. Monica, CA. Karwowski in Industrial Ergonomics and Safety, Vol. VII, and W. Marras, Eds. Bittner, Jr. Champney, Eds. Salvendy, Karwowski, W. Ergonomics, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London. Tucker, Jr. Safety, Vol. VI, F. Aghazadeh, Ed.

Sheridan, T. Manufacturing, Vol. Opperman, R. Hendrick and B. Pearson, G. Information Systems, H. Bidgoli Ed. Vicente, K. Risk perception of common consumer products: Judgments of accident frequency and precautionary intent. This research examined people's accuracy in judging the risk of common consumer products.

In two experiments, participants estimated the frequency of product-related injuries at a quick pace, slow … Expand. Behavioral compliance with warnings: effects of voice, context, and location. This research examined the effects of several warning sign variables on compliance behavior.

Participants followed a set of printed instructions to perform a chemistry task that involved measuring … Expand. Assessment of Fire-Safety Symbols. Twenty-five internationally proposed symbols for fire-safety alerting were evaluated for understandability by 91 U. Three modes of symbol presentation slides, placards, and booklets … Expand. The Effect of Symbols on Warning Compliance. The present study investigated whether different warning designs, specifically those with symbols, affect compliance rates.

Five conditions were tested: a verbal warning, a pictographs warning with a … Expand. View 1 excerpt, references background.

View 2 excerpts, references background. Field testing of consumer safety signs: the comprehension of pictorially presented messages. Applied ergonomics. The behavioral effects of cost and social influence on warning compliance were examined. Participants in several studies performed a chemistry laboratory task using a set of instructions that … Expand. Receiver Characteristics in Safety Communications.

Safety instructions and warnings are communications. It is important that characteristics of receivers, the target audience, be taken into account in designing such communications. Material handling activities in workshop units can potentially create musculoskeletal disorder complaints and injuries to workers. To reduce this potential for injury, it is necessary to analyze and … Expand.

Highly Influenced. View 3 excerpts, cites background. View 4 excerpts, cites background. The importance of ergonomic design in product innovation. Lessons from the development of the portable computer. View 2 excerpts, cites background.

Sultan Qaboos University medical journal. The effectiveness of a model-based health education intervention to improve ergonomic posture in office computer workers: a randomized controlled trial. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. Engineering, Computer Science. Due to the shift from mainly manual labor to an increased portion of cognitive tasks in manufacturing caused by the introduction of cyber-physical systems, there is a need for an updated collection … Expand.